What is Grey Divorce
Gray divorce is often defined as divorce that occurs after the age of 50 following a long-term marriage, usually decades long. These spouses have often been married for many years or decades but ultimately decide to split during the later years of their lives.
When older married couples are spending half of their lives together and then deciding to divorce, it is considered a growing phenomenon and widely referred to as “gray divorce” – and the rates of gray divorces are on the rise. Many experts say that it is surely a factor as to why the growing number of single-person households are on the rise, in this day and age. This trend is particularly noticeable among Baby Boomers, who may have different perspectives on marriage and divorce compared to previous generations, according to some social scientists.
We are here to help you navigate these special circumstances as you adapt to a dramatically different lifestyle and family restructuring. A spouse is entitled to maintain their standard of living despite leaving a long-term marriage, and is entitled to immediate support from their former spouse. For some departing spouses, there are numerous, and perhaps valuable, assets to divide and payments that can be drawn against the equity. We gently support you in creating the new life that awaits you.
Contrary to public myth, departing spouses are entitled to an equal share of the entire family equity, comprised of the totality of assets, the family home and any financial holdings of the other spouse, including pension holdings and investment funds in the other spouses’ name.
Why are so many older couples now deciding to be getting divorced? It is said that while younger couples divorce because of incompatible parenting styles or difficult relatives, or fundamental financial disagreements, older divorcees are more likely to split due to what is dubbed the “empty nest syndrome,” or, infidelity, lifestyle changes or financial differences. Instead of fighting over custody of the kids, elderly divorcing couples are more likely to argue over pension plans and retirement savings and how to spend the sale proceeds of the family house.
Divorce done wrong – can take a massive financial toll, and older adults who are closer to retirement age—or already retired—have less time to recover. Disenchanted older spouses are often too scared to leave, fearing the worst, or fearing that they have no rights because everything is in their spouses’ name.
How Common Is Gray Divorce?
One 2022 study looking at historical trends in gray divorce found that divorce rates among middle-aged and older adults have increased since 1970. Gray divorce was relatively uncommon in 1970 and grew only modestly until 1990. In 1990, 8.7% of marriages among people over age 50 ended in divorce. By 2019, that number had grown to 36%. (Kendra Cherry, MSEd)
The researchers also noted that people over the age of 65 are the only age group with growing divorce rates. In contrast, the divorce rate among adults in their 20s and 30s has actually declined in recent years.
In our practice, and the non-adversarial manner that we approach gray divorces, we invite you set the pace that is right for you and we endeavour to keep relationships intact while protecting your rights and financial future.
Grandparenting Rights
In runs contrary to the societal norms in western society to think that Grandparents do not have rights to see their grandchildren, but in Canada this is largely true.
It can be challenging, even for judges and lawyers alike, many of whom are grandparents, or had good relationships with their own grandparents. But there is no law guaranteeing such access or “contact time” despite generalized presumptions about the benefits of “contact time” with grandparents.
And within this sensitive subject matter, words matter in law; because some words are concepts and legal constructs. Words such “loco parentis”, latin for “parenting time,” “custody and access” have legal meaning. However, there is no legal construct or meaning associated with “grandparenting time” in law as there is with “parenting time.”
There can be court ordered grandparenting time if, through successive applications to the Court, such “contact time” is in the best interests of the grandchildren. That said, however, it must be stressed that, there is no presumption that grandparent contact is in the best interests of the child.
Contrary to the popular notion that there are legal rights for grandparents, a review of recent jurisprudence (law) shows that there is no such thing as “Grandparenting Rights.” Other than in the province of Quebec, Article 611 of the Civil Code, there is no presumption or entitlement to contact in any other province in Canada.
In BC there is no presumption that grandparent contact is in the best interests of a child. The Courts say that even if the guardian makes a poor decision to disallow grandparent contact time, it is not often the Court’s role to second-guess that decision by the parent or guardian. Can the courts overrule a parent’s decision to prevent or thwart grandparenting time? Yes, but the legal onus is high.
Such an application is brought and made under section 59 Orders Respecting Contact of the Family Law Act, in the province of BC. There are several cases where the Court finds that contact time is in the best interests of the grandchild / grandchildren, but a pre-existing bond between the grandparents and the children must exist.
If a grandparent makes such an application to the Court, it is likely that the guardian(s) are blocking contact or grandparenting time. However, as the Honourable Judge G.W. Koturbash says:
[ at para 18 ] “The ultimate decision rests with the parents, or guardians, and while they may not always make the right decision, it is not often the court’s job to second guess or usurp their role.”
The Honourable Justice Milman reviews the leading decisions and what shall guide the Court when considering access to grandchildren. Not surprisingly, the access question considers what is in the best interests of the child. In other words, is it in the child’s best interest to have access to the grandparent(s), making such an application?
Also, in the case of D.D v A.C. 2017 BCPC 5, the Honourable Judge G.W Koturbash illuminates the bare considerations for a Judge when adjudicating such a matter. The question is not whether grandparents have rights to have access, but, rather, does the child(ren) have the right to see the grandparent(s)? This inverse analysis is consistent with recent jurisprudence that is child-centered, child-focused.
As Judge Koturbash says, “at one level claims by grandparents for contact time can seem deceptively simple but at another level very complex.”
The two leading cases outside of Quebec in this area have the same name coincidentally but are different families and from different provinces. The first is Chapman v Chapman 1993 from the British Columbia Supreme Court (BCSC) and the other one is from the Ontario Court of Appeal, Chapman v Chapman 2001 ONCA.
Paraphrasing part of the case of D.D v A.C. 2017 BCPC 5 summary, the Ontario Court of Appeal’s decision is the strongest statement of the parental autonomy approach. In that case, the Ontario Court of Appeal held that in the absence of evidence of a parent’s inability to act in the best interest of his or her children, a parent’s right to make a decision on the child’s behalf regarding contact with grandparents should be respected.
It is said that the BCSC decision, on the other hand, can best be described as more of a hybrid approach. It holds:
a. There is no presumption that grandparent contact is in the best interests of the child;
b. The onus to establish that grandparent contact is in the best interests of the child is on the grandparent – not on the parent to establish otherwise;
c. The courts should be reluctant to interfere with a custodial parent’s decision of this sort of matter and should only do so where it is in the best interests of the child; and,
d. While judges must be vigilant to prevent parents from alleging fictitious or imagined conflicts as a reason to deny contact time, in cases of ‘real conflict and hostility’ between the parent and grandparent, the child’s best interest will rarely be served by granting access.
Even though Chapman v Chapman in the BCSC was decided in 1993, and pre-dates the Family Law Act of 2011, the principles enunciated in this case generally remain valid and show deference to the custodial parent’s views. To this day, this continues to be a main consideration, albeit such views can never trump the best interests of the child.
In sum, if the grandparents seeking access to their grandchild or grandchildren can show that there was a pre-existing bond or connection, and that one of the parents is being unreasonable, or blocking access unreasonably, there can be regularly scheduled grandparenting time ordered by the Courts in BC on the legal basis of it being in the best interests of the child.
To get a court to make this subjective finding, though, will likely require at least two or three Applications to the Court. The first one establishes the need for a hearing of the evidence and facts, and the subsequent one challenges the parent(s) whose views are obstructing the access. The presiding Judge consider the whole picture through a full hearing, with oral evidence usually being given.
If you are a grandparent seeking such access, do not despair. If you have had a pre-existing relationship with your grandchild, and the disallowing parent is unreasonable, rest assured, there is hope that you can ultimately prevail.
Divorcing a Narcissist
This article was written by Kit Perrick in September 2023. He is the only author of this article. Copyright 2025
Survival Tips When Separating from Your Spouse
This article offers some basic information about narcissist behaviours and how they can affect your divorce process. You are encouraged to consult a wide range of lawyers, including carefully considering whether a male or female lawyer will be most effective, and which lawyer possesses the right tools and experience in dealing with such spouses.
Dealing with narcissists during divorce (or separation) is frequently a very stressful and exhausting ordeal. Experts are quick to say “the only thing harder than being married to a narcissist is divorcing one.” 1
This underlines the importance of finding the right lawyer for you; one who is experienced in dealing with the facade, manipulation and tactics of the narcissist spouse during the process of divorce. Even their own lawyers can be fooled by them.
There are two major characteristics that set aside a narcissist from the rest of the population: (1) they lack empathy or compassion; and, (2) they fail to take any responsibility for anything they do wrong. Most of them, it is said, do not even have a conscience.
Is every ex-spouse who displays bad or immoral traits a true narcissist? Likely not. There are people who lie, cheat, steal, stalk, are mean, possessive, jealous or insecure, but a combination of these negative qualities, even in their totality, does not automatically add up to someone being a narcissist.
As will be summarized, there are many shades of narcissist, and, most fit within the spectrum of disorders. There is even a Narcissism Spectrum.2
Yet, it is important to be reasonably sure, if not certain, that your ex-spouse is a narcissist before you begin your separation, or, before you tell them you are leaving them. It is imperative to confirm if your spouse is a narcissist because charting the course of your divorce depends on it.
Narcissism has become a household term these days, especially with social media, but it is more complex and nuanced than people think. It should not be confused as a mere cliche. In divorcing a spouse who is suspected to embody the traits of a narcissist, you don’t need to have medical degree to know, you do know – you have been married to them, and that is why you are leaving!
You need a lawyer who understands the nuances of this personality disorder and who has strategies for dealing directly and effectively with it. I will get to some of these below, but first, let’s start with a simplified overview.
Secret Sociopaths – Narcissism 101
“Narcissistic personality disorder” (NPD) is a clinically diagnosed personality disorder characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy toward other people. It is important to realize that this personality disorder is also linked to other personality disorders (Bi-polar, Borderline personalities, psychopathy). As it is often said, narcissists come in many shades. They are often hidden in plain sight.
It is no secret that “narcissism” is a form of personality disorder which can be either or both classified as a “psychopath” or “sociopath”, which are clinical diagnosis listed in the DSM. What is most alarming, but increasingly recognized, is a statistic that Dr. Northrupe cites from a combination of US Studies, which is that one in five people are classified as a type of narcissist.4 More bluntly, she projects that figure onto big city populations, which translates into millions of everyday people among us all. This is not to sound fear mongering, but rather to point out that we need to do a better job of spotting them before we start dating them, or marrying them.
Psychotherapist, Dr. Matt Lundquist says, “these are people who operate in ways that don’t conform to societal norms and who are not capable of typical human emotions – what we historically call sociopathy.” Some experts say that sociopaths are hot-headed whereas psychopaths are cold-blooded. Moreover, some experts say that sociopaths can be somewhat capable of empathy and thus even more deceptive to spot.
Narcissists usually embody a God-like complex and have an overbearing sense of grandiosity – thinking they are so great that they do not have to follow the same rules as other people. They exploit or take advantage of others for personal gain. They require constant feeding of their egos. They pit people against each other to get what they want. They manipulate by playing on fear and anger, and employing threats and lies. They present their assumptions as facts. Incredibly, they will also break professional boundaries and are prone to taking great risks, usually by having affairs on their spouses, hiding secret spending habits in plain sight, and lying and deceiving with a completely straight face.
If they can lie about cheating on their spouse, they can surely lie about their hidden finances and their ability to deceive courts, judges and their own lawyers about their finances.
Hidden finances
Many exes look back and question themselves. Was I too trusting or plainly stupid? At the time of separation it usually becomes apparent to the empath spouse that they were completely naive to and unsure of their overall financial picture. How many bank accounts did we have? Which institutions were they at? Where are the documents relating to the Lines of Credit? What is the true balance of the mortgage on our family house? Whose name is on title anyway? Who financed and who owns the family SUVs? Other vital considerations include tax returns for the past three years, house insurance, vehicle registrations, valuable antiques, art and jewelry, family photos albums, heirlooms, valuable china, investment accounts, time shares, etc. Not only that, but the vampire’s non-payment of certain bills on joint lines of credit, or joint credit cards may have killed your credit score. How do I borrow again to get out this mess?
And then comes the pandora’s box of hidden debt that was systematically concealed for the past many years. And so it goes. The endless surprises that await a departing spouse can have huge impact on the course of the divorce proceedings and perhaps your level of determination to fight for what is rightly yours and what you are not responsibility for.
For these reasons, experts offer a few survival tips before you leave your spouse
Adopt a strategy. Take stock of what you have before you leave. Secretly start copying all financial records, making a secret list of your collective holdings. Start stashing valuable heirlooms and items at your friend or family’s houses. If you have the advantage of this foresight, do some pre-divorce stealth work and get a leg up on the journey that awaits you.
Get family and close friends on board. Document every detail. Change your passwords. Meet with the bank manager confidentially. Find your supportive friends or family members. Get a good counsellor. ‘Think out loud’ with your support network; be open to brainstorming with those that know your spouse well. Collective thinking can be so empowering.
Expect Challenges if you divorce a narcissist
Over the years in my family law practice, I have seen this ‘song-and-dance’ play out so many times in the context of adversarial divorce proceedings. Shortly after you pull the pin, you can expect that they will cut off all the money.
Throughout all stages of divorcing a narcissist, they remain self-righteous, as if they are the victim rather than the perpetrator. Some of the most common tactics a narcissist routinely use includes:
▸ steering the conversation to irrelevant topics, focusing on insignificant details as a means of deflecting from core issues
▸ delaying hearings, seeking adjournments, not showing up
▸ endless excuses for non-compliance of interim agreements
▸ trying to get you to give in prematurely
▸ verbal abuse scare tactics
▸ lie about their finances or fail to make full disclosure of finances
▸ pedaling false realities and confabulations which create mind traps
The Vampire and the Empath
Dr. Christiane Northrupe in her best selling book, Dodging Energy Vampires: An Empath’s Guide to Evading Relationships That Drain You and Restoring Your Health and Power, writes a about the interplay between the Vampire (Narcissist) and the Empath (Victim) in romantic relationships. Her book addresses the imbalances in such relationships, especially between spouses, hence the illuminating metaphor, the Vampire and the Empath. In summarizing her findings, she says unsuspecting empaths often open their hearts, bank accounts, and bodies in order to ‘help’ these vampires heal their so-called wounds, which actually don’t exist. This is not because the empath is a fool. Rather, it’s a result of a perfect storm of the empath’s desire to be a healing force and do what’s right in the relationship, combined with the predatory skills of the vampire.5
Dr. Northrupe also says that, until quite recently, energy vampires (narcissists) have been largely unrecognized and undiagnosed by society in general, and by the medical and legal systems in particular. Again, this highlights the need and role for experienced family lawyers.
As witnessed in my many years of family law practice, the patterns are routine and predictable. Narcissists typically exhibit the following characteristics:
they are self-righteous and never wrong,
they deflect blame,
they portray themselves as the “true victims,”
they blame their spouse for everything,
they don’t care about anyone else’s emotions, even their own children,
they badmouth their spouse to family and friends, teachers, caregivers, sports coaches, other parents, or anyone who will listen,
they gaslight their partners,
they see a never-ending fight with multiple court applications as a way to maintain their control and power over you,
they may blatantly threaten you, or something precious to you,
resist counselling of any kind,
they are delusional and often confabulate,
refuse to provide financial disclosure or any financial support, and or
they try to exhaust your ability to fight them.
Now, couple these characteristics up with the fact that the empath spouse is usually so invested in a partner or spouse – even a toxic one – that they have lost their objectivity. What is real and who is wrong, what is really going on here is a mind trap.
In addition to the above mentioned characteristics, a narcissist also employs gaslighting to have his or her own way. For those who are not familiar with this term, gaslighting is explained by Dr. Keith Campbell, in The New Science of Narcissism, “as the act of manipulating someone into questioning their own sanity and memory by sowing seeds of doubt about a memory or feeling.” 6
An introduction to Gaslighting 101
This method of manipulation is used by narcissists to gain power over their spouses and make them (or others) truly question their own reality. Gaslighters mastery of these tactics tend to wear their targets down over time. Slowly and steadily the empath spouse feels their self-worth diminish even further and begin to question their own sense of reality. These tactics include:
▸ tell blatant lies,
▸ deny they ever said or did something, even if you have proof,
▸ use what is near and dear to you as ammunition,
▸ their actions don’t match their words,
▸ after a bad act, they compliment you or use positive reinforcement – as a calculated attempt to keep you off-balance and persuade you that they aren’t that bad after all,
▸ project their own actions or thinking onto you,
▸ align people against you and tell you that people close to you believe you are crazy – this makes you feel like you don’t know who to trust or turn to,
▸ tell you or others that you’re the one who is crazy,
▸ tell you that everyone else is a liar,
▸ make you question your own close friends, family, even the media, and
▸ manipulate or intimidate you through posts on their social media profiles.
Your spouse may use some or all of these schemes during your divorce – they may lie to you, to the kids, the teachers, the principal, sports coaches, day care providers, and especially to the lawyers, mediators, and even to judges. They will deny whole conversations or events that you know happened or relied upon, and or fabricate complete stories that are fantastical.
Mediation with narcissists will never work
Experts loudly warn not expect a narcissist to follow any verbal agreements or to agree to any fair custody arrangements. They will most certainly not be forthright with their finances for the purposes of divorcing.
During divorce proceedings, these vampires spouses will often suck their ex-spouse into believing something by promising a compromise or a code of conduct and then turn around and do the complete opposite. This is also sometimes called post-separation abuse. They will not compromise or settle. They want to win – and it is a zero-sum game for them.
For these reasons, essentially, negotiations or mediation can be futile and often be a complete waste of emotional and financial resources. Many experienced lawyers who deal with narcissists assert that it is better to apply those resources by going straight to Court proceedings. It seems that formal Court Orders with sanctions and consequences do work. When the full force of the law hits their pocket books, they do back-down. And, most often, that is what it takes to reach fair conclusions in such divorces with narcissists.
If you are not forceful and extremely blunt with the narcissist they may want to drag any court process or proceedings out. After all, they thrive on holding you in a prolonged state of uncertainty. This is how they perpetrate their power and control over you. It is all they have left, as they know you are pulling away from them. Many senior legal counsel advise that it’s best not to let them prolong the court processes – to move them along quickly and decisively.
What can also be so frustrating is that narcissists are often seen as charming and charismatic. In the case of males, “they are dangerously magnetic cads.” In the case of females, they can be “over-bearing and over-controlling mothers”. Dr. Bob Palumbo, PhD, with 35 years of experience, says that some are so very charming that even he, with all his experience and knowledge, can be taken in by their charm.7 The good news for divorcing couples is, because they believe their own lies, and the subjective evidence created by their mind traps, they are prone to coming undone in front of judges. Good family lawyers know how to set them up for exposure of their lies before a court of law.
Fortunately, seasoned judges are familiar with these types of people appearing in their courtrooms. Set up right, the narcissist does not do well on the stand. When they are properly exposed, their lies collapse like a house of cards.
It is important for all of us to know this, especially when we consider our legal strategies and getting oral evidence before a court of law. If they lie and get caught in front of a judge, it is the game-changer. Once their credibility is in tatters, their case goes out the window.
According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, (DSM-V), narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a mental disorder that affects mostly men – up to 75% of people diagnosed with NPD are male.
Lay person tool kit to spot your vampire
To borrow a slimmed-down tool-kit from an American attorney and legal writer, Lina Guillen, who uses DSM-V for lay personal analysis for evaluating her summary of traits can be seen as follows:
Accordingly, to be diagnosed with NPD a person must display at least five of the following behaviours over a period of time:
Has an exaggerated sense of self-importance – has feelings of entitlement and self-centredness and exaggerates achievements and talents;
Preoccupied with fantasies of success, power, beauty, intelligence, or ideal romance;
Believes they are special and can only be understood by other special people or institutions;
Requires constant attention and admiration from others;
Has unreasonable expectations of favourable treatment;
Exploitative – takes advantage of others to meet their own needs / reach their own goals;
Lacks empathy – cannot be compassionate or recognize other’s feelings and needs;
Often envious of others or believes other people are envious of them; or
Grandiosity – shows arrogant behaviours or altitudes.
Only a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist can formally diagnose NPD, but you don’t need a medical degree to know whether your spouse is narcissistic. The major distinction between someone with NPD and a narcissist isn’t necessarily that they are mentally ill. Someone who displays several of these traits, but falls short of having NPD, may be still be a narcissist.9
It seems, all narcissists somehow fool almost everyone around them into thinking they are so great, and, easy-to-get along with. The million-dollar question is how does one spot the difference between a person who is authentic and charming and one who has this veiled mental disorder?
Dr. Scott Kauffman says that they quickly lose their charm if threatened – this Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde trait is often the first clue to their true character. They get angry when rejected or if they perceive criticism, often over-reacting to small slights and punishing those who don’t support their grandiose image of themselves. 1
Narcissists are preoccupied with fantasies of limitless self-importance, success and power. They over-exaggerate their accomplishments, popularity, and social importance.11
Narcissists are hidden in plain sight. They are often powerful and successful people with no compassion and who will use any or every tool at their disposal to “win.” Indeed, they are powerful and successful people who become American presidents. They will try and win at all costs, even to their own detriment. They almost always are following a scorched-earth philosophy. Make no mistake, their primordial objective becomes making life miserable for the person who dares to divorce them.
They will succeed in making life for their ex a living hell if a strategy is not adopted at the outset of the divorce process. Part of this strategy is hiring the right lawyer, finding your personal support network, and possibly retaining a good counsellor or psychologist.
Never expect them to run out of steam or back down. They thrive on running you ragged, winning at any cost, or seeing you punished for daring to go up against them.12 They will perpetrate false narratives against you. They will use their own children against you by lying to them or blaming you for their untold misfortunes.
I have repeatedly seen many of my clients who are divorcing (or separating) a narcissist become accustomed to living with the feelings of mental and physical exhaustion: of feeling, ‘Oh, what’s next?’ Not knowing what to expect – in fact, get used to expecting the unexpected. This creates an anxiety and apprehension. It can become a continuing or nagging feeling that never leaves the empath spouse. So, in effect, they live with this un-nerving feeling each day.
What is more, the narcissist spouses are prone to making false allegations or lying in Court. Frequently, it is as if they truly believe their own lies. This is their tendency to confabulate: believe their own delusions or lies. Having seen this play out through the duration of their marriage, the aggrieved spouse often feels like just giving up to the bully – that there is no point in fighting, that you’re going to lose anyway. This vulnerability or hopelessness usually leads to unfair settlements or lope-sided bargains in the narcissist’s favour.
This underlines the need to hire a lean and experienced family lawyer. The tricks of the narcissist trade are even sometimes lost on their own legal counsel who believe everything their client is telling them, as if they are the aggrieved spouse. This leads down the path to an expensive divorce.
One obvious tip is to hire a lawyer who is experienced in dealing with narcissists. Divorcing a narcissist requires that you be prepared: mentally, physically, tactically, morally and financially. I am writing this column about how you can develop an effective strategy for divorcing a narcissist – about how to minimize the trauma and keep your legal costs in check.
Beware, the process won’t be easy, but, having helped many clients through it, I can confidently say that when you emerge on the other side there is a new and calm horizon with happier and healthy life for you. As many clients have reported first-hand to me, you will find normal again. And when you do, looking back, you will always wonder, how did I put up with that for so long?
Expect challenges if you divorce a narcissist
There is much expert literature out there and most of it is worth consulting for those who stand at the outset of the journey to get rid of ‘their narcissist.’ The only thing harder than being married to a narcissist is divorcing one.
Some empath spouses do not have the stomach for the fight, or will get only so far before they give-up from fear, intimidation, and or sheer exhaustion. Some empath spouses even turn back, and stay in the dysfunctional marriage because of the fear of the confrontation. But, if you get the right professional legal help, you can make a plan that specifically suits your situation, which can include:
establish boundaries around communications;
make meeting places in public spaces;
find a lawyer who is experienced in dealing with narcissistic exes – continue your search until you find the right legal counsel for you;
tell your lawyer about the history of abuse right away;
get your lawyer to take over most of the communications with your ex;
consult widely, and find the right counsellor or mental health professional for you; and
if your spouse is abusive, get help, seek a restraining order, if necessary.
In closing, it must be emphasized, that if you are the empath spouse who is leaving the marriage (or relationship), you must understand you are not the problem and you never were the problem. That you need to take extra special care of yourself and find your best strategy to get through the divorce. Find your professional support system, get an experienced family lawyer and make an appropriate well-thought-out plan before you begin “the journey.”
By realizing what you need to do and staying resolute with your focus to get out from under the weight of the narcissist, and by finding liberation and moving on with your life, you will be the winner.
1 How to spot a Narcissist, Scott Hoffman Ph.D.
2 Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316685018.
3 Dr. Matt Lundquist & Dr. Akua Boateng; Dr.
4 Northrup, Christiane. Dodging Energy Vampires: An Empath’s Guide to Evading Relationships That Drain You and Restoring Your Health and Power. Hay House, 2019.
5 Dr. Northrupe, page 10, Ibid.
6 Dr. Keith Campbell, Ph. D., The New Science of Narcissism, 2020.
7 Dr. Northrupe Ibid.
8 Psychology Today.
9 Lina Guillen Divorcing a Narcissist: Learn more about narcissism and how it may affect your divorce. 2017
10
11 Nicole Smith, Oct. 16th 2020: “the Ultimate Guide to Divorcing a Narcissist”
12 Ibid